Biology
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Biologists are able to study life at multiple levels of organization,[1] from the molecular biology of a cell to the anatomy and physiology of plants and animals, and evolution of populations.[1][6] Hence, there are multiple subdisciplines within biology, each defined by the nature of their research questions and the tools that they use.[7][8][9] Like other scientists, biologists use the scientific method to make observations, pose questions, generate hypotheses, perform experiments, and form conclusions about the world around them.[1]
The basis for modern genetics began with the work of Gregor Mendel in 1865.[26] This outlined the principles of biological inheritance.[27] However, the significance of his work was not realized until the early 20th century when evolution became a unified theory as the modern synthesis reconciled Darwinian evolution with classical genetics.[28] In the 1940s and early 1950s, a series of experiments by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase pointed to DNA as the component of chromosomes that held the trait-carrying units that had become known as genes. A focus on new kinds of model organisms such as viruses and bacteria, along with the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, marked the transition to the era of molecular genetics. From the 1950s onwards, biology has been vastly extended in the molecular domain. The genetic code was cracked by Har Gobind Khorana, Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg after DNA was understood to contain codons. The Human Genome Project was launched in 1990 to map the human genome.[29]
All organisms are made up of chemical elements;[30] oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen account for most (96%) of the mass of all organisms, with calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium constituting essentially all the remainder. Different elements can combine to form compounds such as water, which is fundamental to life.[30] Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. Molecular biology is the branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including molecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.
Gene expression is the molecular process by which a genotype encoded in DNA gives rise to an observable phenotype in the proteins of an organism's body. This process is summarized by the central dogma of molecular biology, which was formulated by Francis Crick in 1958.[70][71][72] According to the Central Dogma, genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. There are two gene expression processes: transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).[73]
Evolution is a central organizing concept in biology. It is the change in heritable characteristics of populations over successive generations.[82][83] In artificial selection, animals were selectively bred for specific traits.[84] Given that traits are inherited, populations contain a varied mix of traits, and reproduction is able to increase any population, Darwin argued that in the natural world, it was nature that played the role of humans in selecting for specific traits.[84] Darwin inferred that individuals who possessed heritable traits better adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and produce more offspring than other individuals.[84] He further inferred that this would lead to the accumulation of favorable traits over successive generations, thereby increasing the match between the organisms and their environment.[85][86][87][84][88]
Conservation biology is the study of the conservation of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions.[160][161][162] It is concerned with factors that influence the maintenance, loss, and restoration of biodiversity and the science of sustaining evolutionary processes that engender genetic, population, species, and ecosystem diversity.[163][164][165][166] The concern stems from estimates suggesting that up to 50% of all species on the planet will disappear within the next 50 years,[167] which has contributed to poverty, starvation, and will reset the course of evolution on this planet.[168][169] Biodiversity affects the functioning of ecosystems, which provide a variety of services upon which people depend. Conservation biologists research and educate on the trends of biodiversity loss, species extinctions, and the negative effect these are having on our capabilities to sustain the well-being of human society. Organizations and citizens are responding to the current biodiversity crisis through conservation action plans that direct research, monitoring, and education programs that engage concerns at local through global scales.[170][163][164][165]
Current Biology is a general journal that publishes original research across all areas of biology together with an extensive and varied set of editorial sections. A primary aim of the journal is to foster communication across fields of biology, both by publishing important findings of general interest from diverse fields and through highly accessible editorial articles that explicitly aim to inform non-specialists.
The EEOB department is responsible for instruction of the Biology major -- consistently among the largest majors on campus. We teach classes ranging from molecular and cellular biology, to ecology, evolution, and physiology of living organisms.
Our department conducts research, teaching, and service in many areas of the life sciences, including animal behavior, behavioral endocrinology, biomechanics, cell biology, conservation biology, ecology, ecomorphology, evolution, genetics, physiology, population biology, systematics, and theoretical ecology. Our graduate program is also named EEOB and offers Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees, with an emphasis on the latter. We are also part of the Evolutionary Biology Joint-Doctoral Program with San Diego State University. In addition, our faculty and graduate students are affiliated with several interdepartmental graduate programs, including: Biophysics; Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology; Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics; Biomedical Sciences; and Neuroscience. We also offer many opportunities for undergraduate research.
The EEOB Graduate Program, part of the Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, offers graduate study leading to both M.S. and Ph.D. degrees. As a member of the program, you will have a unique and diverse set of educational experiences, including: a broad background in evolution, ecology, and organismal biology; exposure to exciting and modern research; training in pedagogy and the opportunity to teach undergraduate laboratories and discussion sections; and immersion in your specific area of concentration. These experiences will serve you well while in graduate school and also prepare you for a successful career in biology.
Unlocking the origins and biology of domestic animals using ancient DNA and paleogenomicsGillian P. McHugo, Michael J. Dover and David E. MacHugh Published in BMC Biology 02 December 2019
The Biology exam covers material that is usually taught in a one-year college general biology course. The subject matter tested covers the broad field of the biological sciences, organized into three major areas: molecular and cellular biology, organismal biology, and population biology.
The Department of Biology offers a rigorous undergraduate and five-year program.Students develop a detailed, nuanced view of biology; integrating knowledge at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels.
As scientists learn more and more about the natural world, the field of biology continues to expand. The study of life itself, biology offers its students a world of options in terms of both academic focus and career choice. Some may choose to pursue careers in healthcare, for which a strong biology foundation is essential; others may pursue research and work in higher education; and others still may choose to pursue careers in government, military or agencies that help shape policies and practices that impact and protect life.
The Department of Biology offers two degree programs, the B.A. in Biology and the B.S. in Biology. The B.A. and B.S. are 120-hour programs that incorporates a broad range of disciplines including evolution, cellular and molecular biology, genetics, topics in animal and human physiology, microbiology and ecology.
Students can expect a rigorous and dynamic program with extensive lab and hands-on learning. Courses like anatomy and physiology, ecology, cell biology and molecular genetics cover a broad scope of study and ensure students a comprehensive education. UIW Honors students also have an opportunity for advanced research.
The Bachelor of Science is the traditional Biology degree for students who intend to apply to professional, health professions and graduate schools. Courses in immunology, virology, medical microbiology and bioethics help ensure they are well prepared.
The Biology major serves a wide variety of career opportunities. In addition to professional school opportunities or graduate school in biological sciences, the biology major provides a strong foundation in the basic life sciences that prepares students for research and technical positions in universities, government and industry. A biology degree also prepares graduates for positions in zoos, museums, botanical gardens and wildlife parks. With a minor in teaching, graduates can be certified to teach biology in high school or science in middle school.
Suggested citation: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Field of degree: Biology, at -of-degree/biology/biology-field-of-degree.htm (visited March 29, 2023).
Our focus is to help undergraduate student